Prairie Works

Henry David Thoreau

The list of historical figures that have passed through Galena, Illinois is rather impressive. Former Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln & Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, Susan B. Anthony, Herman Melville, and Tom Thumb, just to name a few. One person that is not often mentioned, but is held in very high esteem worldwide, is Henry David Thoreau. He visited Galena in May of 1861.

Henry David Thoreau was an author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, surveyor, philosopher, and transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, which has become an American classic, and his essay Civil Disobedience later influenced the efforts of Ghandi and Martin Luther King Jr. His westward trip during Spring of 1861 is important to the natural history of the Galena area and offers us an important snapshot of time from one of the world’s great thinkers.

In the spring of 1861 Thoreau was in bad health and his physician advised that he he leave Concord, Massachusetts for a different climate in hopes of recovering. A trip to Minnesota was decided as Thoreau had never been to the West and could document the quickly changing frontier. It was decided that 17-year-old Horace Mann, Jr. would accompany Thoreau and the pair left Massachusetts on May 11, 1861. They would travel through Niagra Falls, Detroit, and arrive in Chicago on May 21, where they stayed for two days. Thoreau noted in his journal that Chicago was “14 feet above the lake.”

They decided to meet a riverboat on the Mississippi River at Dunleith (now East Dubuque, IL) rather than Fulton, IL. They left Chicago on the Chicago & Northwestern train line on May 23, traveling through northern Illinois. Thoreau noted in his journal:

“Greatest rolling prairie without trees just beyond Winnebago. Last 40 miles in NW of Ill. quite hilly. Mississippi backwater in Galena River 8 miles back. Water high now flooded thin woods and more open water behind…Much pink flowered apple like tree (thorn like) thro Illinois which may be the Pyrus coronaria.”

The plant mentioned here, Pyrus coronaria, is known today as Malus coronaria, Sweet Crabapple. There are no recordings of this tree existing in Jo Daviess County today, but it might have then. Today, this species is scattered throughout the Eastern Midwest and New England. It is more likely the apple-like tree Thoreau saw was Malus ioensis, Prairie Crabapple. This species also has pink flowers that bloom in May and June, but is more widely distributed in Northern Illinois and does not exist in New England. It is also interesting to notice his description of rather treeless terrain and “thin woods” in the floodplains. This is widely assumed by restoration ecologists, however not generally accepted by the public majority. Thoreau continues:

“Distances on prairie deceptive – a stack of wheat straw looks like a hill on the horizon 1/4 or 1/2 mile off – it stands out so bold and high. Small houses – with out barns surrounded and overshadowed by great stacks of wheat straw. Some wood always visible – but not generally large. The inhabitants remind you of mice nesting in a wheat stack – midst their wealth. Women working in fields quite commonly. Fences of narrow boards. Towns are as it were stations on a RR.”

This is a very interesting take on the former landscape and opens up the reader’s imagination. Again, the observation of few trees is mentioned. His description of the wheat stacks come into perspective when he writes: mice nesting in a wheat stack – midst their wealth. Wheat was an expensive commodity at this time. These towns that he passed, as it were stations on a railroad, leads me to think of Scales Mound, Apple River, Council Hill Station and the others along the Chicago & Northwestern line. Were these small houses – without barns a description of miner’s cottages?

Only one boat up daily from Dunleith by this line – in no case allowed to stop on the way. Staphylea trifolia out at Dunleith.

This is Thoreau’s final journal inclusion before he sees the Mississippi River for the first time in his life and rides it North to Prairie DuChein, WI. The mention of Staphylea trifolia is American Bladdernut and is seemingly accurately identified. This shrub remains common in this area today.

Thoreau boarded a steamboat at East Dubuque (Dunleith), which brought him to St. Paul, MN on May 26. The Desoto House  Hotel in Galena has no record of him staying there at this time, so his lodging remains a question.

Thoreau and his traveling partner stayed a month in St. Paul, studying the natural areas of the west. The journey home brought  them to Milwaukee, Mackinac Island, Toronto, finally arriving home in Concord, MA. on July 10, 1961. Henry David Thoreau was never able to fully recover and died less than a year later on May 6, 1862. A book about this western journey was unfinished but the journal writings remain.

Please join me in campaigning for the awareness that Henry David Thoreau passed through Galena.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau  Biography

http://www.walden.org/ The Walden Woods Project

http://thoreau.eserver.org/ A collection of his writings

An exciting discovery was made on May, 5. Maybe… A rare plant that has previously not been recorded growing in Illinois was found in Jo Daviess County. Discoveries like this do not happen often, if ever. Like a good mystery novel there are unanswered questions and twists in this story. The plant was located within the city limits of Galena, IL. Not in a pristine natural setting that one would expect to find a plant of this caliber and at one time this plant was sold commercially. What do you think?

I was working late when I received an email from Prairie Works crowd pleaser, Richard Pearce.

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For the past two weeks we have been following reports of a Black Bear roaming around Northeastern Iowa. It was first reported near Castalia, IA and has since been seen west of Dubuque, IA,  near Maquoketa IA, and Bellevue, IA. This Bear had apparently crossed this Mississippi River into Illinois yesterday morning, entering North of Savanna, IL and was seen near IL Route 84.

Black Bear near Stockton, IL

This morning a Jo Daviess County sherrif deputy saw the bear crossing an agricultural field North of Route 20 near Canyon Park Rd west of Stockton. The deputy was able to take the picture we see here. Shortly afterwards it was photograped in a tree, a few miles North. You can see those pictures here.

It is believed that this bear had left its original habitat in Minnesota and came down the Mississippi river corridor. It has been increasingly common for Black Bears to expand thier home range and to habitat their former range of 200 years ago.

In June of 2001 the Dubuque, IA area also had black bear sightings and Iowa has had 17 sigtings since 1968. The last black bear sighted in Jo Daviess County was in early Janurary of 1940 when a bear was seen near Menominee, west of Galena, IL. There have been several sightings deemed reliable in the past decade however.

It has generally been recent policy that if the animal does not become a nuisance, is not a danger, or is not in any imminent peril, that it be allowed to exist unmolested and without hindrance.

In a previous post, I had explained the importance historic aerial photographs serve when approaching a land restoration project. Another very important tool is analyzing the original surveyors notes from when our counties, townships and section lines were established during pioneer settlement. This occurred in this area during the 1830′s.  As the surveyors were dividing the land into checkerboard plots, they were required to note observations  of the land along the way. This typically included the type of terrain, trees types, undergrowth, indian activity and any signs of homesteading. They also provided a hand drawn sketch of each township showing waterways, areas of timber, prairie, swamps, etc. Today this is extremely interesting to study and is the oldest snapshot of the land that we have.

A portion of the present 'Galena Territory'

Here in Northwest Illinois and Southwest Wisconsin the survey was performed earlier than other areas, as a result of the lead rush that occurred in the late 1820′s. The Federal Land Survey office moved from Cincinnati to Dubuque, IA in 1839 probably due to this population boom. Today when we analyze these descriptions we see the beginning of settlement.

Ecologist can follow these descriptions and compare to modern maps to determine the past vegetation and make more detailed assumptions of what would have existed. Sometimes a young Oak tree that was described in the notes, is an old Oak tree today. Finding these is a very fun experience. 

Here are some excerpts from the notes:

Surveyors sketch of Shullsburg Township

Surveyors Description of Shullsburg Township

This township description is from Shullsburg Township as observed by famed surveyour Lucius Lyon in March of 1833. It reads: 

“The afore described township, embracing as it does, some of the oldest wrought and richest mines in the country, is generally rolling, first rate land, about half prairie and half thinly timbered with oak, with an undergrowth of hazel. Within its limits are three different settlements or towns, viz — ‘Shullsburg’ in Sections 3 & 10, ‘Gratiots Grove’ in Sections 22 and 23, and ‘White Oak Springs’ in Section 32 each of which settlements now contain about five or six families, but the two former, in the most prosperous days of the mining business, have heretofore at one time, contained not less than 40 families each. Besides these settlements, there are several farms located in different parts of the township. The mines which have heretofore been very productive are situated principally on sections 2, 3, 10, 11 and 14 but are now many abandoned as they are thought to be not worth working.”

Thankfully, Lucius Lyons was one of the most descriptive surveyors of the time. Now lets analyze Lyons description:

First, he confirms what local historians have known. Shullsburg Township was the early epicenter of lead mining in the area since Jesse Shull discovered lead ten years earlier, so scattered and abandoned mines would be expected in 1833. He goes on to write, that the land is “about half prairie and half thinly timbered with Oaks.” Ecologist now call this an Oak Savanna.  He continues to write “with an undergrowth of hazel.” This would be the shrub, Hazelnut (Corylus americana), a shrub which is commonly associated with both savanna and prairie ecosystems. He goes on to explain the three towns of Shullsburg Township and lastly the abandonment of mines, which we now know that moved towards Galena. 

Along with generalized descriptions of the township. The notes also contain detailed descriptions of the land as the surveyors traversed section lines from North to South and East to West. Each section corner included the number of feet and direction to the nearest trees.  Here is an example of the section line near my house:

North Between Sections 10 & 11

20.oo    to diggins

30.50    to a wagon road leading NW

40.00   set a White Oak post & Raised a mound of earth at that section corner

55.oo     left prairie & entered brush and scattered timber

76.50    to a creek (illegible writing) West

80.00    set a Bur Oak post for corner to sections 2 & 3 & 10 & 11

                 { Black Oak South 29 East 39 

                 { Bur Oak North 47 1/2 West 97

Land  rolling  &  first  rate (illegible writing) prairie  and  brushy  with  some  scattering  bur  &  black  oak  timber

Today, I can look at historical and modern maps and determine exactly where these descriptions are located. I can also drive a good portion of this. Our sections lines have not changed since this original surveys. Over the years historians and ecologists  have utilized these field notes for a variety of purposes. In the late 1940′s and early 1950′s geographers plotted 19th-century tree cover in Wisconsin using information from these field notes. The resulting map “Original Vegetation of Wisconsin” has become a classic research tool itself. Local historians, too, may find information found in the surveyors’ field notes especially useful in helping to understand the 19th-century landscape and patterns of early settlement.

When Lucius Lyon finished a page for the exterior survey of Township 9 North, Range 1 East and 1 West he wrote:

"Land hilly, with sand stones ledges 3rd rate, mostly B. Oak. W. Oak. U.G. of Oaks, May 3, 1839 "froze water this night"

What a grueling  job this must have been and what interesting notes to examine today. I hope you find this information as interesting as I do. 

http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SurveyNotes/  Wisconsins highly detailed site

http://landplats.ilsos.net/ Illinois (Township Plats Only)

Galena resident, Richard Pearce, has just launched a new website that catalogues high-resolution photoscans of wild plants from the region. Not to be confused with photographs, these images are scanned in the field or in the studio using a normal office ‘scanner’, a laptop, a light source and a power pack. Richard can capture images of wild plants with amazing clarity and resolution with this setup. High end cameras are grabbing 8-20 mega pixels and lack the up close detail. With a scanner he is achieving 50-100 mega pixels with incredible details up close. This allows you to see plant details not able to be seen with the naked eye. This artform was the subject of an exhibit at the University of Wisconsin-Platteville in 2006 featuring Richard’s mural sized images.

Richard accidentally stumbled upon the process in 2001. He said of the discovery, ” What I saw that night with the office scanner clearly went beyond macro-photography and into the realm of microscopy.” Since then he has successfully scanned over 200 species and a few insects within the Tri-State region, including some threatened and endangered plants. Currently the website contains 69 species with more images added every week.

Along with the incredible photoscans of individual plants on the new website. Each species has a description based on personal research, a plant distribution map, a satellite image of the general location where the plant was scanned and its exact GPS coordinates. The site will be constantly evolving as time goes on and Richard does not expect to become bored with this hobby as the plant diversity in the area and advances in scanner technology could keep him busy for a lifetime.

The new website is called the Upper Mississippi Wildflower Series. Richard welcomes critical feedback from web viewers.

http://www.arrasimages.com/UMW.html View the website here

On September 15th 2007, Dubuque, IA recorded its earliest frost ever. Was this a sign of things to come? Today, winter is slowly coming to an end and we have historic winter weather statistics to report. Many cities and counties set record snowfall amounts here in the upper Midwest. We are also reporting colder than average temperatures and had lots of miscellaneous precipitation. This put a stress on road crews that was unbearable at times. Many school districts in the area have lengthened the school day in order to make up for the many “snow days” and munincipalities are scrambling to adjust budgets that were over-consumed by snow removal and salt costs.

It all started on November 21st when we received 2.2 inches of the white stuff. We did not realize how well acquainted we would become… December gave us a plethora of rain, snow, ice and fog. We ended the month with 20.6 inches of snow and a record setting amount of rain (4.61 inches). We also had two vicious ice storms and 11 days of visibility of a quarter mile or less. We thought that winter came on strong but would fade out early. January was relatively easy when compared to its bookends. We received only 13.2 inches of snow but experienced a cold snap the last week of the month where nearby Waterloo, IA, fell to -29 below (January 23rd).

February 2008 was a month with many staggering weather statistics. Dubuque, IA, racked up a record amount of 32.5 inches of snow which fell on 80 percent of the days possible. This included an Ash Wednesday snowstorm that dropped 18″ of snow in JoDaviess County. A week long stretch of sub-zero temps followed. It became the 2nd wettest February in Chicago history. Madison, WI, broke its all time snow record very early in the month when winter was a mere 6 weeks old! The national guard was called out to Interstate 90 south of Madison on the 5th to help stranded motorists – the first time that’s happened in the Midwest since the famous Chicago blizzard of 1967. Famed Chicago weatherman, Tom Skilling, was creating stats about the month never heard before. Skilling said of February, “Sunshine in February was 40 percent of possible versus normal of 46 percent”? Whatever exactly happened, it was extremely cloudy, cold and snowy.

We entered March with our local snowfall records in sight. Snow amounts were recorded sporadically and in small amounts. Lent ended in Chicago like it began, with a snowstorm. A Good Friday storm brought 7 inches of snow, setting the all time record for McHenry County, Illinois (77 inches). With that storm Chicago surpassed its 60 inch total and Madison, WI surpassed the 100 inch milestone. It was the first “White Easter” in 30 years for many areas. The Galena area had to wait until March 27th to break our all time record. This was set at the Dubuque Airport Thursday, March 27th at 7:30 P.M. with a wet and short-lived 4.4 incher.

Madison, WI – The most amazing statistic was brought to us by Madison, WI.

Weather records seem to be like records set in athletic realms, they are barely broken, just extending past. Records are made by small measurements, split seconds or a degree or two. A maximum threshold seems to always exist. This was not the case with Madison’s snowfall record. It shattered its previous record of 76.1 inches by over two feet (24.6 inches). Snow has been sitting on the ground there every day since December 2nd (another record broken). Many Chicagoans remember the infamous winters of the late 1970s. The record setting season for Chicago snowfall in 1978-1979 was 89.7 inches.

With all the numbers attempting to explain the story, these statistics cannot convey the ice, sleet combined with snow (sneet), extremely dense fog, thunder snow, blowing winds and the relentless 3 inch snow events that we absorbed this winter. I was provided with many memorable driving experiences like my drive on December 23rd from Platteville to Galena that left fingerprints that are forever embedded into the steering wheel of our Volkswagen Passat. Also, my annual Easter weekend canoe trip was done with the sounds of snowplows in the distance. Not to be forgotten.

With that being said I thought I may add: The largest snowfall in JoDaviess County history occurred in April and the latest snow to ever fall in Chicago was on June 10, 1910…

Snowiest Winters for Dubuque, IA

1. 76.2″…2007-08 (34.4 inches greater than normal)
2. 75.7″…1961-62
3. 75.0″…1974-75
4. 71.5″…1959-60
5. 71.3…1977-78
6. 70.4″…1978-79
7. 65.9″…1958-59
8. 63.8″…1992-93
9. 59.8″…1985-86
10. 59.3″…1950-51

Official Snow Totals From Around The Region (as of April 1st)

Cedar Rapids, IA     59.9″    Normal   27.7″ (2nd Snowiest Ever)
Chicago (O’Hare)     60.3″    Normal   36.4″ (7th Snowiest Ever)
Chicago (Midway)   60.7″    Normal   42.9″ (7th Snowiest Ever)
Dubuque, IA            76.2″    Normal   42.0″ (Record Set)
Madison, WI            100.7″  Normal   46.3″ (Record Set)
Milwaukee, WI        98.9″   Normal   49.7″ (2nd Snowiest Ever)
Moline, IL                51.5″    Normal   33.7″ (2nd Snowiest Ever)
Rockford, IL            72.9″    Normal   37.3″ (2nd Snowiest Ever)

http://blogs.trb.com/news/weather/weblog/wgnweather/ Tom Skilling’s Blog

http://www.weather.gov/ Official Weather Recordings

It has been officially announced that the University of Illinois Extension, with a coalition of other local organizations (including Prairie Works), will be hosting the first annual Green Fair. Green Fair 2008: Ideas and Products for Your Home and Business will be held this June in Elizabeth, IL. Below is the official press release:

Set aside Friday, June 27, and Saturday, June 28 for the first area Green Fair! The theme for this years event is Ideas and Products for Your Home and Business. The fair will be a chance to meet retailers of green products, renewable energy resources, recycled and sustainably produced items for your business, office and home. There will be children’s activities, informative presentations and local food vendors.
The fair will be held at Highland Community College West (previously River Ridge High School). Look for more details in future newspaper articles, newsletters and flyer’s.
The Green Fair planning committee member organizations are: Baranski Hammer Moretta & Sheehy Architecture, Blackhawk Hills RC&D, Carroll County Economic Development Corp., Conservation Guardians of Northwest Illinois, Galena Territory Association, JoDaviess Conservation Foundation, Jo-Carroll Energy, Jo-Carroll Solid Waste Agency, JoDaviess County Office of Economic Development, Prairie Works Inc., The Prairie Enthusiasts and The University of Illinois Extension. 

If you have questions about the Green Fair, please contact Maggie Friedenbach, Recycling and Conservation Projects Coordinator, at University of Illinois Extension, 815.244.9444. You can also contact me at cory@prairieworksinc.com 

Hope to see you there!

FEB 7 – Yesterday’s snowstorm dropped around 14″ of snow in JoDaviess County. Nearby Winslow, IL received 18″. We are now experiencing the snowiest winter since the late 1970s.

Recently, the New York Times featured Galena, IL in its travel section. It was a rather lengthy article and was written from an interesting perspective, a national one. Several people that I know were quoted and I learned about the local real estate climate, among other things.

What does this have to do with nature? Absolutely nothing. But it is great to have the country’s largest and most respected news source feature our town. Read the article here.

http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/12/07/travel/escapes/07havens.html 

The month of August has come to an end and the region can report rainfall totals of historic proportions. A persistent rain pattern formed early in the month and it did not end until it had caused record breaking amounts in many areas. The city of DeKalb, IL reported 14.27 inches of rain in August and 26.47 inches through meteorologic summer (June-Aug), both records. This reflects what occurred over much of the region. Portions of southwest Wisconsin and southeast Minnesota were declared federal disaster areas with as much as 17 inches falling in several days. The Chicago Metro area received close to 16 inches of rain including a storm outbreak on the 23rd that produced the most violent storm in recent memory. There were many economic and heartfelt losses throughout the area.

The most staggering of statisticts came out of Houston County in southeast Minnesota. During a 24 hour period on the 18th and 19th the county received 15.1 inches of rain, shattering the old mark of 10.84 set in 1972. This 24 hour total was two inches less than the all-time record for a single month, set in July of 1987.

The Galena area missed many of the heaviest rains. In total it received 6.27 inches of rain which fell on 23 of the 31 days of the month, including runs in which rain fell on 9 (17th-25th) and 8 consecutive days (2nd-9th). The normal total for August in the area is around 4.25 inches.

August Rainfall totals from the region (inches):

DeKalb, IL – 14.27;   Freeport, IL – 11.88;   Rockford, IL – 13.82;   Vernon Hills, IL - 15.14;   Dubuque, IA – 6.06;   Iowa City, IA – 8.02;   Waterloo, IA – 10.32;   Belmont, WI – 19.89;   LaCrosse, WI – 20.32;   Madison, WI – 15.18;   Platteville, WI – 11.94;   Prairie DuChien, WI – 8.04

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_flooding_of_2007

At month’s end today all reporting stations in the area reported more than average rainfall totals. The reports varied greatly as there were lots of isolated thunderstorms that produced heavy rains. The reporting station in Dubuque, IA recorded the highest amount with 8.84 inches, far more than the 3.73 inch normal. The Galena Territory reported 4.03 inches with 2.16 inches of that falling on the 17th and 18th, Mt. Carroll reported 6.09 inches and Stockton reported 3.40 inches for the month. Looks like the reporting station on Bethel Road near Stockton missed some of the soaking rains.

The temperature average was one degree cooler than normal. After a dry May we have caught up to near average precipitation for the year. After being dryer than normal for the past five years, lets hope that this continues.